Sector Of South Africa Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1045 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Tags: Africa Essay Banking Essay Did you like this example? In this section, we will be looking at the Banking sector structure of South Africa compare it with the economy of Brazil. We will discuss topics like number of banks, concentration ratios, banking sector credit-to-GDP, liquid liabilities-to-GDP, foreign bank penetration, leading competitors, profitability, and risk and asset quality. South Africa has the largest and most sophisticated financial market in Africa. The financial services sector, in particular the banking sector, has well-established credit and management information systems. The South African banking system is well developed and effectively regulated by the central bank the South African Reserve Bank- as well as a few large, financially strong banks and investment institutions, and a number of smaller banks. Many foreign banks and investment institutions have operations in South Africa. The SA banking industry is made up of 17 registered banks, 2 mutual banks, 12 local branches of foreign banks , and 43 foreign banks with approved local representative offices. Brazil on the other hand has a large no of banks which are operating in different parts of the country. With these numbers of banks in SA the banking sector in South Africa is highly concentrated. In South Africa, the top four banks have approximately 89% of retail deposits. This is high by international standards. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (H-index) is a widely respected barometer for measuring market concentration in a banking system. The level of concentration in the South African banking sector measured using the H-index is presented is given below. The index measured 0.187 at the end of December 2011 which means very high level concentration. The high concentration prevalent in the South African banking sector is attributable to the high concentration of banking-sector assets among the four largest banks, which accounted for 84.1 % of total banking-sector assets at the end of December 2011. While for Bra zil as there are so many banks present the concentration ratio should be very less and it will have a great competition (though the H-index for Brazil was not available anywhere). Investment and merchant banking remains the most competitive front in the industry, while the countrys big five banks Absa, FNB, Standard Bank, Nedbank and newcomer Capitec dominate the retail market. The oligopoly structure and the perception that there are high costs in delivery of retail banking services in South Africa have militated against entry into the retail banking sector. However, a number of foreign entrants have taken advantage of the relatively lower costs of entry into the corporate banking sector, which has increased the level of choice and countervailing power in this sector. It has attracted a lot of interest from abroad with a number of foreign banks establishing presence in the country and others acquiring stakes in major banks, for example, the Barclays ABSA and Industrial and Co mmercial Bank of China Standard Bank deals. As mentioned above the banking sector has 43 international banks with authorised representative offices in South Africa. There are more than 15 countries who have their banks in Brazil with over 130 branches spread across Brazil all performing different functions. (Source Central Bank of Brazil). Liquid Liability Liquid liabilities are also known as M3. They are the sum of currency and deposits in the central bank (M0), plus transferable deposits and electronic currency (M1), plus time and savings deposits, foreign currency transferable deposits, certificates of deposit, and securities repurchase agreements (M2), plus travellers checks, foreign currency time deposits, commercial paper, and shares of mutual funds or market funds held by residents. So compared to South Africa, Brazil has always had more of liquid liability and it also has been increasing year after year. But for South Africa there seems to be slight dip from 2009 to 20 11. Profitability- The most common measure of bank performance is profitability. Profitability is measured using the following criteria: Return on Assets (ROA) = net profit/total assets shows the ability of management to acquire deposits at a reasonable cost and invest them in profitable investments (Ahmed, 2009). This ratio indicates how much net income is generated per  £ of assets. It is usually said that higher the ROA, the more the profitable the bank. As seen from the graph below that ROA of South Africa took a dip in 2010 due to the crisis but has been improving significantly in the last two years. ROA ratios for Brazil were not available. Return on Equity (ROE) = net profit/ total equity. ROE is the most important indicator of a banks profitability and growth potential. It is the rate of return to shareholders or the %age return on each  £ of equity invested in the bank. As seen below in the chart the ROE too has been improving from 2010 after it saw a dip becau se of the crisis. ROE ratios were not available for Brazil. Now we compare these two countries and see the pros and cons based on the points discussed above. The numbers of banks in South Africa are less and they have an oligopoly  form of markets and so the cost to enter the markets may be high. And opposite to that the Brazil has very large no of banks so the competition  faced will be very high. The concentration ratio is directly proportional to the no of banks present. SO the concentration ratio is very high in South Africa as compared to Brazil. Participants in the oligopoly market  frequently maintain their position of dominance because it is too costly or difficult for potential rivals to enter the market or due to the high cost of entering the market the oligopoly market exists. The foreign penetration in both the country seems to be quite good but with Brazil having more of the foreign banks. In this case investing in South Africa seems a better opt ion just for the reason of facing less competition in South Africa. The M3 ratio for Brazil is on an increase but for South Africa these has been a slight dip showing that there is a lot of scope of improvement in that area. The profitability ratios have been on an increase for South Africa which is a good sign. But looking at their peaks in 2008, this area also seems to have a lot of scope of improving. So, in conclusion, investing in South Africa is a good option but not in retail area but in the commercial area. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sector Of South Africa Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order

Kelly Yao. British Literature. Mr. Carlucci. May 15, 2017.

Kelly Yao British Literature Mr. Carlucci May 15, 2017 Causes of Teenager Suicide Recently, Netflix’s 13 Reasons Why has drawn people’s attention. The drama series illustrates 13 reasons of the teenage girl’s suicide. As we have entered a brand new century, climbing suicide rate has become one of the most serious public health and mental issue in the society. In daily life, there are even more reports of teenage suicide by media. People may wonder about the actual reasons why teenager decide to commit suicide to end their lives. There are potential causes for teenage suicide. Teenagers’ motivation for suicidal behaviors mostly come from physical or sexual abuse, cyberbullies, pressure from school and substance abuse. Teens commit suicide†¦show more content†¦The victims think about suicide after being attacked. To prevent teenagers from committing suicide, people should pay more attention to prevention of violence and sexual harassment to teenagers. With the widespread presence of teen suicides, parents can t help but wonder and worry, but they never find out where the child’s depression came of. A review of data collected between 2004 and 2010 via survey studies indicated that â€Å"lifetime cyberbullying victimization rates ranged from 20.8% to 40.6% and offending rates ranged from 11.5% to 20.1%† (PubMed Central) There are several specific ways that social media can increase the risk for the suicidal behavior. Cyber bullying and cyber harassment are serious and prevalent problems, as â€Å"approximately 2000 middle school children that indicated that victims of cyberbullying were almost two times as likely to attempt suicide than those who were not† (PubMed Central). Although cyberbullying cannot be identified as the only factor for suicide between teenagers, it increases the risk by intensifying feelings of isolation, instability, and hopelessness. According to the recent study, â€Å"approximately 43% of the students report experiencing cyberbullying during their lifetime, and 15% of students admitted to cyberbullying others during their lifetime† (Patchin, 2015). There are even more statistics showing how cyber bullies affect teenagers’ emotion and push them to self-destruction. Nowadays, social media has created virtual

Gun Control Is A Top Reason For Owning Guns - 998 Words

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Cuckoldry and Sexual Jealousy free essay sample

Cuckoldry occurs when a woman deceives her male partner into investing in offspring conceived with another male. Risks for cuckoldry are high for women (loss of partner death etc) the risks are even higher for men. Cuckolded men lose both invested resources and reproductive opportunity (Platek and Shackelford 2006) * According to the evolutionary approach, all such mate-retention strategies are driven by sexual jealousy: an adaption that evolved in males as a way of dealing with paternal uncertainty. Males could never be 100% that the offspring is their own. One consequence is that a male may invest his resources in offspring that are not his own. * Sexual jealousy serves to help prevent the female mating with other males outside the pair bond, and so it can be seen as an adaptive response. * Sexual coercion (forcing an unwilling partner to have sex) is a tactic used by some males to reduce the risk of cuckoldry. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuckoldry and Sexual Jealousy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ‘The cuckoldry risk hypothesis’ (Camilleri 2004) predicts that males will be more willing to use sexually coercion tactics such as partner rape when the risk of cuckoldry is high. According to Lalumiere et al (2005) some men carry out partner rape in order to decrease paternity uncertainty. Thornhill and Thornhill (1992) argue that a woman who resists having sex with her partner signals that she has been unfaithful, thus increases the risk of sexual jealousy and fear of cuckoldry. Mate retention and violence: * Buss and Shackelford (1997) examined mate-retention tactics in married couples. They studied 214 individuals and found that, compared to women; men reported a significantly higher use of debasement (giving into her every wish) and intra-sexual threats (threating to beat up the other man). Women on the other hand, reported a greater use of verbal possession signals (indicating to other women that he is taken) and threats of punishing infidelity (threating to leave him is he is unfaithful). They also found compared to men married to older women, men married to younger women reported devoting greater effort in mate-retention tactics including commitment manipulation (professing love and commitment into the relationship), violence against rival men and threats against the female partner. Evaluation: Use of mate-retention tactics: Claim of sexual jealousy is a major cause of violence against women, is supported by studies of battered women where victims frequently cute extreme sexual jealousy on the part of male partners as the major cause of violence against them (Dobash and Dobash 1984). Wilson et al (1995) found that among women who report the use of direct guarding as a mate retention tactic by their male partners, 72% had required medical attention following an adult by their male partner. Research on sexual coercion: Research tends to support the idea that sexual coercion of females by their male partners is an adaptive response to their threat of infidelity. Camilleri (2004) found that the risk of partner’s infidelity predicted the likelihood of sexual coercion in men but not women, important for adaptive explanation, as men are those at risk of cuckoldry not women. Goetz and Shackelford (2006) found that a man who has sexually coerced their partners were more likely to report that they thought their partners were being unfaithful. Women who reported their partners had sexually coerced them were more likely to admit to have being unfaithful. * Practical applications of research: An important implication of research in this area is that mate-retention may be seen as early indicators of potential violence against a female partner. The use of mate-retention tactics can alert friends and family members to the danger signs that might lead to future relationships. Relationship counselling may then be used before the situation escalates into the type of domestic violence reported in the Dobash Study.

Tradition free essay sample

â€Å"And here’s the living room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I look around, letting the realtor’s voice fade out from behind me as I run my fingers along the wooden bookshelf. The atmosphere of a new house and the sound of a stranger presenting it is all too familiar to me, and most likely always will be. She shows us around the house as my mother and I stare out into the trees off of the back porch. We talk back and forth, deciding where to put a table and how many vehicles the garage holds, but all that plays in my mind is the sound of my own voice asking myself over and over again, â€Å"Will I be able to stay in my school? How am I going to get there every morning? Will I need to stay at somebody’s house?† My mother had promised me years before that we wouldn’t move again until I was out of high school, but here we are, yet again, looking at another house before my second year is over. We will write a custom essay sample on Tradition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I grip onto the side railing of the porch and dig my fingers into the hardwood, attempting to calm myself down by thinking about what good can come out of this situation; What good has come out of situations like these in the past. I think back to the last time I felt this burning sensation in my chest, and the feeling of my throat closing in on itself. It was the last day of eighth grade, when my best friend had hurt me worse than anyone before, choosing a side that wasn’t mine, and taking everyone with her. She left me friendless and broken, and I didn’t even attempt to go to any of my classes that day, because I couldn’t stop crying. I sat down on my bed that day and pulled my computer out, tears rushing down my face as I vigorously typed all of the words that were flooding my thoughts. When there were no more words to write down, I hit enter and titled the document ‘Dear Corinne’, wiping the tears from my face. That letter never made it to her, but it helped me understand what I was feeling, and allowed me to admit to my mom that I was feeling depressed, and needed to talk about it with someone. Writing has always been my escape route. No matter how many houses, towns, and schools I moved in and out of, writing was the constant in my life, the stability when I had none. When the world is crashing down outside my windows and I can feel the pressure of my own brain pressing up against my skull, I can type until my fingers fall off, knowing that when I’m done I’ll feel relieved; Like a weight has been lifted off my shoulders. I turn to my mom and ask to look at the inside of the house again. She nods and we walk inside together, walking up the stairs to the room that she says will be mine if we get the house. I notice a little corner in the room, the perfect size to put a desk. In front of this space is a window, the perfect place to look out and clear my mind, or find inspiration. The burning sensation has left my body now, and swallowing has become easier to manage. I sit down in front of the window and pull out my phone, writing down what I see and feel. I look around the room once more, and realize that there is clear potential everywhere. I smile and take a deep breath. â€Å"I love it.† I whisper.

Hiroshima essays

Hiroshima essays Hiroshima is a story of six people who lived through the greatest single man made disaster in history. In this story each of the six people relive their own story on August 6, 1945, at exactly fifteen minutes past eight in the morning Japanese time. Each persons view of the first ever war to use an atomic bomb is a devastating sight. Through their eyes, the reality of the magnitude this bomb brought is reasonably understood by the graphical details that are given. Through reading this book and these peoples accounts of this great disaster I have come to realize what a nuclear war could result into if precautions are not taken not only by the civilians but also more importantly by the head of our country. Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a twenty- year old clerk, had just sat down in her office when the atomic bomb had hit Hiroshima. She had just finished putting some things away in her drawers and shifting through some papers. As she turned her head to say something to a girl, the room was filled with a blinding light. Being paralyzed by fear and still fixed in her chair for a long moment, everything fell and Miss Sasaki lost consciousness. The ceiling had dropped and the floor above had collapsed heaving the people above down with the roof. All of the bookcases behind her swooped forward and threw her down twisting her left leg while pinning it down as well as her body up to her breasts. Miss Sasaki ended up living through this finally being released from the hospital over a year later with a crippled leg. Dr. Masakazu Fujii had just sat down cross-legged about to read the Osaka Asahi on the porch of his private hospital overhanging one of the seven rivers in Hiroshima. Then he recalls a bright yellow flash. He jumped to his feet and at that moment, the hospital leaned behind his rising and, with a terrible ripping noise toppled into the river. The doctor was thrown forward and around and over losing track where he w...

Definition and Examples of Acrolects

Definition and Examples of Acrolects In sociolinguistics, acrolect is a creole variety that tends to command respect because its grammatical structures do not deviate significantly from those of the standard variety of the language. Adjective: acrolectal. Contrast with basilect, a language variety that is significantly different from the standard variety. The term mesolect refers to intermediate points in the post-creole continuum.The term acrolect was introduced in the 1960s by William A. Stewart and later popularized by linguist Derek Bickerton in Dynamics of a Creole System (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1975) Observations Acrolects . . . are better described as linguistic innovations characterized by the incorporation of linguistic features which have their origin in the contact situation itself. Unlike standard languages, acrolects usually have no overt set of linguistic norms and are pragmatically motivated (i.e. depend on the formality of the situation). In other words, the concept of the acrolect is both absolute (on the level of the speech community) and relative (on the level of the individual) . . ..(Ana Deumert, Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch. John Benjamins, 2004) Varieties of British English Spoken in Singapore For [Derek] Bickerton, an acrolect refers to the variety of a creole that has no significant difference from Standard English, often spoken by the most educated speakers; the mesolect has unique grammatical features that distinguish it from Standard English; and the basilect, often spoken by the least educated people of the society, has very significant grammatical difference.In reference to Singapore, [Mary W.J.] Tay points out that the acrolect has no significant grammatical differences from Standard British English and typically differs in vocabulary only by extending the meaning of existing words, for example, using the word bungalow to refer to a two-storied building. The mesolect, on the other hand, has a number of unique grammatical features such as the dropping of some indefinite articles and the lack of plural marking on some count nouns. Also, there are several loan words from Chinese and Malay. The basilect has more significant differences such as copula deletion and do-de letion within direct questions. It is also characterized by the use of words that are typically considered slang or colloquialisms.(Sandra Lee McKay, Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches. Oxford Univ. Pres, 2002) Varieties of American English Spoken in Hawaii Hawaiian Creole is now in a state of decreolization (with English structures slowly replacing the original creole structures). In other words, one may observe in Hawaii an example of what linguists call a post-creole continuum: SAE, which is taught in schools, is the acrolect, that is, the socially prestigious lect, or language variant, at the top of social hierarchy. At the bottom socially is the basilect- heavy pidgin or more accurately heavy creole, a lect least influenced by SAE, usually spoken by people of low economic and social status who had very little education and very little chance to learn the acrolect in school. Between the two there is a continuum of mesolects (in between variants) which range from being very close to the acrolect to those which are very close to the basilect. Many people in Hawaii control various parts of this continuum. For example, most educated, professional people born in Hawaii, able to speak SAE at work in the office, switch to Hawaiian Creole w hen relaxing at home with friends and neighbors. (Anatole Lyovin, An Introduction to the Languages of the World. Oxford Univ. Press, 1997)