History and Background of the Kashmir Conflict

History and Background of the Kashmir Conflict Kashmir, formally alluded to as Jammu and Kashmir, is a 86,000-square-mile area (about the size of Idaho) in northwest India and upper east Pakistan so stunning in physical magnificence that Mugal ​(or Moghul) rulers in the sixteenth and seventeenth century thought of it as a natural heaven. The district has been viciously questioned by India and Pakistan since their 1947 parcel, which made Pakistan as the Muslim partner to Hindu-lion's share India. History of Kashmir Following quite a while of Hindu and Buddhist standard, Muslim Moghul sovereigns assumed responsibility for Kashmir in the fifteenth century, changed over the populace to Islam and fused it into the Moghul realm. Islamic Moghul rule ought not be mistaken for current types of tyrant Islamic systems. The Moghul realm, described by any semblance of Akbar the Great (1542-1605) encapsulated Enlightenment standards of resistance and pluralism a century prior to the ascent of the European Enlightenment. (Moghuls left their blemish on the resulting Sufi-motivated type of Islam that overwhelmed the subcontinent in India and Pakistan, before the ascent of more jihadist-propelled Islamist mullahs.) Afghan trespassers followed the Moghuls in the eighteenth century, who were themselves driven out by Sikhs from Punjab. England attacked in the nineteenth century and sold the whole Kashmir Valley for a large portion of a million rupees (or three rupees for every Kashmiri) to the merciless severe leader of Jammu, the Hindu Gulab Singh. It was under Singh that the Kashmir Valley turned out to be a piece of the province of Jammu and Kashmir. The 1947 India-Pakistan Partition and Kashmir India and Pakistan were parceled in 1947. Kashmir was part too, with 66% going to India and a third going to Pakistan, despite the fact that Indias share was dominatingly Muslim, similar to Pakistan. Muslims revolted. India curbed them. War broke out. It wasnt settled until a 1949 truce facilitated by the United Nations and a goals requiring a choice, or plebiscite, permitting Kashmiris to choose their future for themselves. India has never actualized the goals. Rather, India has kept up what adds up to an involving armed force in Kashmir, developing more hatred from local people than prolific rural items. Present day Indias originators Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi-both had Kashmiri roots, which somewhat discloses Indias connection to the district. To India, Kashmir for the Kashmiris amounts to nothing. Indian pioneers standard line is that Kashmir is a basic piece of India. In 1965, India and Pakistan battled their second of three significant wars since 1947 over Kashmir. The United States was to a great extent to fault for making way for war. The truce three weeks after the fact was not considerable past an interest that the two sides put down their arms and a vow to send global eyewitnesses to Kashmir. Pakistan reestablished its require a choice by Kashmirs generally Muslim populace of 5 million to choose the districts future, as per a 1949 UN goals. India kept on opposing directing such a plebiscite. The 1965 war, in whole, settled nothing and just put off future clashes. (Peruse progressively about the Second Kashmir War.) The Kashmir-Taliban Connection With the ascent to intensity of Muhammad Zia ul Haq (the despot was leader of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988), Pakistan started its droop toward Islamism. Zia found in Islamists a mean of solidifying and keeping up his capacity. By belittling the reason for hostile to Soviet Mujahideens in Afghanistan starting in 1979, Zia curried and won Washingtons favorand took advantage of monstrous amounts of money and weaponry the United States diverted through Zia to take care of the Afghan insurrection. Zia had demanded that he be the channel of arms and weaponry. Washington yielded. Zia occupied a lot of money and weaponry to two pet ventures: Pakistans atomic weapons program, and building up an Islamist battling power that would subcontract the battle against India in Kashmir. Zia to a great extent prevailing at both. He financed and secured outfitted camps in Afghanistan that prepared aggressors whod be utilized in Kashmir. Also, he bolstered the ascent of a bad-to-the-bone Islamist corps in Pakistani Madrassas and in Pakistans innate territories that would apply Pakistans impact in Afghanistan and Kashmir. The corps name: The Taliban. Consequently, the political and activist repercussions of ongoing Kashmiri history areâ intimately associated with the ascent of Islamism in northern and western Pakistan, and in Afghanistan. Kashmir Today As indicated by a Congressional Research Service report, Relations among Pakistan and India stay gridlocked on the issue of Kashmiri sway, and a nonconformist disobedience has been in progress in the district since 1989. Pressures were very intense in the wake of the Kargil struggle of 1999 when an invasion by Pakistani officers prompted a wicked six-week-long fight. Strains over Kashmir rose hazardously in fall 2001, driving then-Secretary of State Colin Powell to de-heighten pressures face to face. At the point when a bomb detonated in the Indian Jammu and Kashmir state gathering and a furnished band attacked the Indian Parliament in New Delhi soon thereafter, India prepared 700,000 soldiers, compromised war, and incited Pakistan into assembling its powers. American mediation constrained then-Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, who had been especially instrumental in further mobilizing Kashmir, inciting the Kargil war there in 1999, and encouraging Islamist fear based oppression in this manner, in January 2002 promised to end the nearness of psychological oppressor substances on Pakistani soil. He vowed to boycott and kill fear monger associations, including Jemaah Islamiyah, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and Jaish-e-Mohammed. Musharrafs promises, as usual, demonstrated unfilled. Brutality in Kashmir proceeded. In May 2002, an assault on an Indian armed force base at Kaluchak murdered 34, the vast majority of them ladies and kids. The assault again carried Pakistan and India to the edge of war. Like the Arab-Israeli clash, the contention over Kashmir stays uncertain. Furthermore, similar to the Arab-Israeli clash, it is the source, and maybe the key, to harmony in areas far more prominent than the domain in question.

Occupy Wall Street, Pros and Cons Essay Example for Free

Possess Wall Street, Pros and Cons Essay In the previous year, there has been a development that has become out of the dissatisfaction over the jobless masses the country over. The development was for the most part focused on Big Banks and the wealthiest 1% who hold a critical percent of the cash in this nation. The development, in its beginnings, was intended to fight the declining white collar class and fast extending lower class. It likewise fought that the high society was not paying a lot of assessments. Star side of the Movement: The OWS development brought to the cutting edge the conviction that the rich were paying a much lower level of expenses then there center and lower class partners. It requested that the rich make good on more assessments and direct the progression of cash to enormous banks and bank bailouts. Much like the Tea Party development, they requested a conclusion to the TARP bailouts and end to government bailouts of a debased Federal Reserve. The developments saying, â€Å"Companies are awful, Capitalism is intrinsically evil†, additionally shows the developments resistance to enormous enterprises raking in tons of cash and not imparting it to their representatives. It has accumulated a great deal of help from among the ultra liberal populace and indicated that there are a decent number of individuals who bolster this reason. Among the supporters have been numerous celebs, government officials and even worker's guilds. The way that banks rounded up record benefits before the lodging crash, and unjustifiably abandoned a huge number of credits on white collar class and destitute individuals, at that point got government bailouts to spare them chafed numerous individuals. The single biggest expense to the American citizen ever, more than all the past national obligation joined since the nation’s birth in 1776, the banks got not billions, however trillions in this TARP bailout. It was from this 2 developments were conceived. Casual get-together and OWS both owe their starting points to this single occasion. OWS is the Liberal side versus the Conservative Tea Party. Hostile to Occupy Wall Street: In the start of the development, there wasn’t a great deal of resistance to their thoughts in all cases. They had a strong thought and cause. They represented the center and lower class residents with a message the 99% of the populace was worn out on being strolled on by the rich. In any case, this picture immediately discolored. The development turned into an assortment of individuals who essentially appeared as though a destitute camp of transients of individuals who felt they were â€Å"entitled† to an agreeable life and not working for it. Pretty much every face in the group was individuals that were essentially unemployable in light of the fact that they had over the top tattoos, terrible cleanliness or awful mentalities versus everything! Blended In with their fights were political gatherings joining the temporary fad, for example, Communist, Marxist, Nazi and Anarchist? There signs frequently depicted brutality to rich individuals and organizations. They would shout out, â€Å"We are the 99%† the entire time the genuine 99% of the populace was getting appalled with these individuals. The development is passing on and essentially dead in light of the fact that the individuals who composed these camps didn't police themselves or separation themselves from the individuals who discolored the underlying message of the development. Rather than a message being sent to the rich, they made themselves and humiliation to their motivation. Will Occupy Wall Street be fixed? : Is it past the point where it is possible to fix the harm the awful components of the dissent? I think it is. They had/have no reasonable message any longer. They grumble about everything and everybody. Every single rich individuals are underhanded, our free enterprise government is abhorrent and Corporations are Evil? This is their case. Notwithstanding, do these individuals stop to think (as they use there iPhones, tasting Starbucks espresso and wearing planner garments) that they are frauds? That notwithstanding all they remain against, America would be simply a third world nation? Do the individuals who bolster communism and socialism not understand they have been attempted and bombed on numerous occasions? Communism is an incredible government till you come up short on others people’s cash! Rich individuals give a greater part of the occupations in this nation. There is likewise the reality, that in America, everybody can possibly get rich. There are progressively tycoons in America, than the entire world consolidated. There are numerous things in their message that is basically not thoroughly considered. The development needs to single out the miscreants, for example, BofA and the individuals who caused the lodging crash. They have to help clever individuals who can spread a positive message for them. Not be a tremendous un-washed mass of entitled radicals searching for a present. My Opinion: I think the development is dead. It was dead after the main week. It needs to leave and reboot. It needs another arrangement, new individuals and authority. It needs a voice! It has been damaged by savagery and disgrace. I loathe that these individuals state they speak to me. I speak to the persevering individuals of this nation that puts stock in the American Dream. These qualified selfish jerks requirement for quit asking why they can’t find a new line of work while there arriving face punctured or another tattoo. I need to be rich one day, and I don’t need to need to pay 70% of my salary to pay for individuals who won’t get off their butts and find a new line of work. I accept in the event that you buckle down, you ought to be remunerated for it, not rebuffed!

Drawing, Art Therapy, and Stress Relief

Drawing, Art Therapy, and Stress Relief Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Print Drawing, Art Therapy, and Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 26, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 27, 2019 Westend61/Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Physical Techniques Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Art therapy has been widely practiced for many, many years, both formally in a therapeutic context, and informally among those who simply feel better when they draw. Decades ago, psychologist Carl Jung recommended coloring mandalas (circular designs that can contain intricate patterns or symbols) as a therapeutic intervention to promote psychological health, as he perceived that drawing mandalas had a calming effect on his patients while facilitating their processing of thoughts and emotions. Since then, art therapists have long recommended this practice  and have reported positive results, though these results were not demonstrated by research until later. While there is still room for many more studies on mandalas and drawing, in general, several studies have already shown us some important information about the effectiveness of using art for stress relief. Here are some of the most telling findings. Creating Art Can Minimize Anxiety and Lift Mood One study from researchers Chloe Bell and Steven Robbins randomly assigned 50 adults ages 30 and under to either create artwork or sort a series of art prints. Before either group was asked to do anything related to art, they were asked to engage in the mild stressor of creating a 10-item to-do list of their “most pressing concerns and worries,” which was designed to create a mildly negative mood and mild anxiety that the activities could then potentially minimize. Then, they were given assessments of their moods and anxiety levels. Finally, one group was provided paper, colored pencils, charcoal pencils, and oil pastels, as well as 20 minutes to create art. The second group was given a stack of 60 art prints and the instructions to sort them “based on their pictorial content” for the next 20 minutes. Both of these activities would expose the subjects to art, but only the first group was involved in the creative expression. After three measures of negative mood and anxiety were collected before and after each intervention, the results showed that the group who created artwork experienced significantly greater reductions in negative mood and anxiety compared with the art-sorting group, showing that the mere act of creating art can significantly minimize negative mood and anxiety, some of the negative effects of stress. (If you’re worried about the subjects being deliberately stressed by thinking about their most pressing concerns for the sake of the study, researchers asked them all to create a list of their 10 most positive or favorite memories before they left, which can be quite helpful in itself.) Creating Mandalas Can Minimize Symptoms of Trauma Another study by researchers Patti Henderson and David Rosen from Texas AM University and Nathan Mascaro from Emory University School of Medicine was conducted with those suffering from PTSD divided 36 subjects into two groups: those who drew mandalas for 20 minutes at a time for three days in a row, and those who were instructed to draw an object for the same period of time. Those who had drawn mandalas showed a decrease in symptoms of trauma at a one-month follow-up, whereas those who drew an object did not. (It should be noted that other potential differences in the groups were studied, but this was the only difference that was statistically significant; some of these expected changes, such as differences in anxiety levels among those who drew mandalas and those who did not, have been found in similar studies with less traumatized subjects, so it is possible that more mild states of stress can be more easily affected by drawing.) What Happens to You After a Traumatic Experience It should be noted that, in this study, participants were asked to create their own mandalas using symbols that represented their feelings or emotions related to their trauma as part of the design rather than coloring in patterned mandalas that had been previously created. Because of this, there might be some added element of catharsis here. However, the act of coloring mandalas is similar in that the choice of colors and the calming act of coloring itself are the same. Coloring Pictures Can Relieve Anxiety â€" No Drawing Skills Necessary A final relevant study was conducted by researchers Renee van der Vennet and Susan Serice. In the study, they measured 50 subjects’ anxiety levels, induced anxiety in subjects by asking them to write about a past fearful incident for four minutes, assessed their anxiety levels again, and then divided them into three groups: one that colored mandalas, one that colored a plaid design, and one that drew freely on blank paper. Each group drew for 20 minutes using six colored pencils. The practice of coloring mandala drawings has been shown to reduce anxiety levels significantly. The researchers measured anxiety levels both before and after the drawing activities and found significant reductions in stress in the coloring groups. They observed that those in the free-drawing condition seemed to pause to think about what to draw, and some appeared to struggle with the open-endedness of the drawing assignment; perhaps there were too many choices with free drawing, where mandala drawing allowed for more concentration, focus, and present-mindedness. (And sometimes having too many choices can be stressful in itself, even if the choices are relatively insignificant.) This study is particularly relevant for those who aren’t entirely comfortable with their artistic abilities, but enjoy doodling and coloring (which is a large group!), and lends support for the stress relief coloring books that have become increasingly popular among adults. Final Thoughts This is all great news for those wanting to relieve anxiety and stress  and lift their mood. If you’ve ever wondered if taking a few minutes to draw a picture can actually help with stress, now you know that it can. (Perhaps that’s why many of us instinctively doodle on the sides of our to-do lists, or why teens often draw pictures in class.) If you’ve wondered if a stress relief coloring book is worth a try (as I had), it appears that they can indeed be helpful, as the mandalas used in the third study were very similar to those in mandala coloring books sold in popular bookstores. Simply creating something you find to be beautiful, or that expresses your emotions can be helpful, so let your inner child loose and get out those colored pencils! Try some art activities that can relieve stress. How Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms Can Lead to PTSD