Role Of Locomotives During The Civil War - 900 Words

Jake Bohling The Role of Locomotives in the Civil War What was the role of locomotives during The United States of America s Civil War? There are many things that locomotive did during the United States of America s civil war. First, locomotives were used to transport people. Locomotives were also used to transport other resources, such as weapons and food. Next, locomotives could be used very strategically, and cause confusion among enemies. I chose the topic locomotives affects on the United States of America s Civil War because I have been interested in the Civil War ,since visiting Kennesaw Mountain sparked my interested in the United States of America s Civil War. Later, I asked my parents if they knew anything interesting†¦show more content†¦Locomotives could transport thousands of troops to there destination in a very quick manner.. For example, Herman Haught rendered a strategy that was used at Gettysburg to transport the wounded. Herman Haught s strategy was very effective in moving wounded soldiers. Two thousand to four thousand injured troops at a time. Another, fantastic example is during the first Battle of Manassas when the Confederates sent reinforcement troops with a locomotive causing a victory over the Union. Another example, is the Battle of Chickamauga when President Abraham Lincoln sent twenty thousand reinforcement troops in just eleven days from Washington, D.C. to Georgia. Locomotive wer e used for transporting the wounded and reinforcements during the United States of America s civil war, but locomotives were also extremely effective at transporting resources such as guns, horses, food, and anything needed. Next, Locomotives were used for transporting food, weapons, horses ,and many more things during the United States of America s Civil War. Trains Could effectively carry large quantities of weapons at a time. Locomotives could hold people on board to defend the large amounts of weapons, since locomotives were so large. Trains would get their resources from a supply depot and then bring the resources to troops located along the railroad track. Although, carrying weapons by rail is extremely effective, it had multiple disadvantages. One disadvantage is that enemies

Importance of Personality in Matching Jobs - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Personality in Matching People to Jobs for Recruitment. Answer: For all organizations, the recruitment and selection process is a critical stage that allows them to get the best candidates who will form part of their long-term future. Along with academic qualification and experience, most companies are always on the look for people whose character and personality resonates with the companys principles, values and behavior. Consequently, the need for personality in recruitment has grown upon realization that it plays an important role in getting the right crop of employees who will move the organization forward in the long-term. Unlike in the past, the current processes of recruitment across organizations place more emphasis on the application of various parameters such as personality tests in acquiring employees with the appropriate personality to fit in the companys vision. The concept pf matching personalities to jobs became more popular in the 1990s in the aftermath of the dot.com era whereby people rushed to internet companies for newer challenges which later turned out to be unsuitable (Daft Marcic, 2006). This period gave rise to the job-fit concept that is the foundation of the fundamental role of personality in matching people with jobs during the recruitment process. Job-fit enables managers and organizations to hire people who are well suited to the task (Daft Marcic, 2006). By subjecting people to various processes that visualize their character, managers are better placed to have the right people with the right attitude who fit in the companys profile. Keeping in mind the criticality of the selection and recruiting processes, it is compelling that the human resource management team gets people who share the same ideals, values and vision with the company so that their productivity works well for the firm once they resume their responsibilit ies. Another importance of personality in the selection process is that it enables managers and organizations to spot potential strengths and weaknesses of each candidate so that they can place them in the right job designation (Lievensn Chapman, 2010). In this context, personality tests and anticipation of ones perceived weaknesses and strengths become a crucial tool for the selection panel to scrutinize and place each successful candidate in a job they are likely to exploit their full potential. This concept can be understood better in relation to the Theory of Purposeful Work Behavior (also referred to as the Five Factor Model of Personality). According to the theory, personality traits are a foundation for individual goal setting and the core traits interact with job characteristics to yield job satisfaction and personal struggle to fit in roles within the broader structure (Barrick, Mount Li, 2013).One of the pillars of the model that can be applicable in the recruitment process is Openness to Experience. In this regard, a person who scores highly exhibits strong creativity and responsiveness to new ideas and as such, they would be better suited to the research and development department. Personality is critical in matching people to jobs since it is a predictor for work engagement and performance in the long-term (Bakker Tims Derks, 2012). According to this concept, work is a broad process in which people of distinct personalities, traits and expectations pull together their knowledge and visions to yield optimum results for individual and collective excellence. Therefore, it is critical for companies to be ahead of their employees by predicting their proactivity and understand the correlation between these characters and future performance. Therefore, organizational management ought to have their foundation built on the abilities of their employees and most importantly, their abilities to cope with emerging challenges and stay productive. For example, one of the pillars of proactivity at the workplace is crafting which can be cited at the early stages of recruitment or when the employee has been assigned duties. Consequently, they can exhibit traits such as dedicat ion, vigor and absorption which are pointers to potential job engagement and performance (Bakker et el., 2012). Therefore, by applying this model managers are able to spot the underlying potential which is a critical factor in engagement and performance of each employee. The use of personality in matching people to jobs is also important in team formation and success. This role of personality is a reincarnate of the five (5) factors of the Big Five Personality Theory (Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and Neuroticism). Whereas it is not practical and even ethically sound to have employees of similar character, personality plays a critical role in ensuring that the group is of the right composition with the correct chemistry to work together in teams and achieve the set goals and objectives (Bradley et al., 2013). All organizations thrive on robust teams and shared responsibilities among all employees and as such, personality plays a crucial role in the success or failure of these teams. When designing teams, individual character is key. Managers will use these as indicators of physical and emotional strength as well as the ability to deal with potential challenges collectively. For example, in the face of conflict , it is highly likely that groups with a majority of members who exhibit high levels of openness and emotional stability are likely to use the conflict to their advantage for future improved performance. On the other hand, teams with low openness and emotional stability are likely to be adversely affected by conflicts to the degree of lowering their productivity. This underlines the importance of personality consideration in composing teams at the workplace. The application of personality as a job-fit tool plays a psychological role in dealing with workplace aggression. From mild interactions to intense behaviors, personality traits are critical in employees ability to cope with psychological setbacks in their line of duty (Taylor Kluemper, 2012) .Consequently, there is a strong correlation between role stress and the five personality traits and each of them influences how individuals respond to psychological challenges and even better their performance afterwards. By placing employees in designations that they exhibit higher psychological strength and mental ability to overcome drawbacks, the organization is facilitating personal growth and continuity. Individual differences in personality are an enriching factor that managers ought to exploit to the deepest point and identify people whose vulnerability to workplace stressors provides the impetus for growth rather than a recipe for failure. In this context, personality is important bot h in the selection and development processes since most of the challenges emerge after one has resumed duty. However, it is worth noting that the responsiveness in this case varies from one person and job description to another and as such, there is little assurance that organizations have the capacity to consider all people and place them in roles that are in line with their abilities. Personality is the foundation of organizational culture. Consequently, it becomes so important for managers to consider individual behaviors and ways of responding to certain situations since these aspects escalate into a persistent pattern or culture (Gardner et al., 2012). A recent study by Empxtrack showed that more than 85% of employers are looking for employees who are culturally fit as this abets employee retention and cultural continuity within the organization. An observation of ones personality is thus considered an essential tool for assisting employers have the right people with the appropriate attitudes in roles that support their growth and demonstration of standards that replicate what the organization stands for. On the other hand, the consideration of personality in assigning roles enables employees to stay attached to the organizational goal setting and achievement as well as becoming a motivational factor. This is because they are likely to work comfortably in roles that match their expectations, capabilities and reasoning. The role of personality in job-fit is undisputable across the globe. However, the same concept is not void of counter-arguments. Arthur (2012), while underlining the importance of personality, points out that it becomes more misguiding and unduly stressed that organizations have to consider personality as a guiding tool for selection and placement. He argued that considering the duration of the selection and hiring process, it is highly unlikely that personality traits can be fully exposed at this juncture. As a result, basing job-fit on this process is tantamount to misconception. Secondly, personality is not rigid as it is affected by subsequent challenges and situations that emerge at the workplace. Therefore, employers will find it very difficult to use this as a tool that yields employees who will stay consistent throughout their stay in service. Conclusively, personality is important for selection and job performance. It is within the discretion of any organization to apply any personality model in order to obtain a group of employees that are emotionally and physically fit to meet the companys goals and expectations. Equally, personality is an incentive to the employees as it helps them overcome challenges and grow professionally. Thus, it is bold to affirm that the advantages outweigh the negativities and as such, personality is, and will rightly continue to form an integral part of selection and hiring. References Arthur, D. (2012).Recruiting, interviewing, selecting orienting new employees. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement.Human relations,65(10), 1359-1378. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics.Academy of Management Review,38(1), 132-153. Bradley, B. H., Klotz, A. C., Postlethwaite, B. E., Brown, K. G. (2013). Ready to rumble: how team personality composition and task conflict interact to improve performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), 385. Daft, R. L., Marcic, D. (2006).Understanding management. Cengage Learning. Darsana, M. (2013). The Influence Of Personality And Organizational Culture On Employee Performance Through Organizational Citizenship Behavior.The International Journal of Management,2(4). Gardner, W. L., Reithel, B. J., Cogliser, C. C., Walumbwa, F. O., Foley, R. T. (2012). Matching personality and organizational culture: Effects of recruitment strategy and the Five-Factor Model on subjective personorganization fit.Management Communication Quarterly,26(4), 585-622. Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R., Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits.Personality and individual differences,63, 58-63. Lievens, F., Chapman, D. (2010). Recruitment and selection.The SAGE handbook of human resource management, 135-154. Ployhart, R. E. (2012). The psychology of competitive advantage: An adjacent possibility.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(1), 62-81. Sackett, P. R., Walmsley, P. T. (2014). Which personality attributes are most important in the workplace?.Perspectives on Psychological Science,9(5), 538-551. Taylor, S. G., Kluemper, D. H. (2012). Linking perceptions of role stress and incivility to workplace aggression: the moderating role of personality.Journal of occupational health psychology,17(3), 316.

Biological Foundations of Psychology Linked to Behavior free essay sample

The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research. Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements:the id , the ego and the superego. Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and self-actualization.Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Foundations of Psychology Linked to Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. One of the most influential theories from this school of thought was the stages of cognitive development theory proposed by Jean Piaget.

Heres How Crabs Find Food

Here's How Crabs Find Food Crabs may be a favorite food for some people, but they need to eat too. They often live in dark or muddy areas, where it can be difficult to find prey by eyesight. So how do crabs find food, and how do they eat? And, interestingly, what types of food do they like to eat? How Crabs Find Food Like many other marine animals, crabs rely on their sense of smell to find prey. Crabs have chemoreceptors that allow them to detect chemicals in the water that are released by their prey. These chemoreceptors are located on a crabs antennae. These are long, segmented appendages near the crabs eyes that have both chemoreceptors and allow them to feel its surroundings. Crabs also have antennules, shorter antenna-like appendages near the antennas that allow them to sense their environment. A crab can taste using hairs on its mouthparts, pincers and even its feet. Senses of Taste and Smell Crabs have pretty well-developed senses of taste and smell. Fishing for crabs, or crabbing, using pots and cages relies on these senses, and makes it possible to catch crabs. The pots are baited with a variety of smelly things, depending on the target crab species. Bait can include chicken necks, pieces of fish such as eel, menhaden, squid, herring and mackerel. As the bait hangs in the trap in a bag or in a bait jar, odorous chemicals waft out into the ocean, attracting hungry crabs. Depending on water flow, these conditions can affect their senses to detect prey. What and How Crabs Eat Crabs arent picky eaters. They will eat everything from dead and living fish to barnacles, plants,  snails, shrimp, worms and even other crabs. They use their claws to grab food particles and put the food into their mouths. This is similar to the way humans eat using their hands or utensils. Crabs also use their claws to manipulate or break up the food so they can place it into their mouths more easily in smaller bites. When crabs have to break through shells of other sea life, their strong claws come in especially handy while their other appendages help them quickly move to catch various types of prey. Different Crabs, Different Diets Different crabs like to eat different types of sea life and plants.  Dungeness crabs, for example, may snack on squid and worms, while king crabs like to nosh on clams, mussels, worms and sea urchins. Basically, king crabs hunt for prey on the ocean floor and often eat decaying animal matter as well as live sea life. Sources and Further Reading â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions.†Ã‚  Blue Crab.â€Å"Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores.† Edited by Mark W. Denny and Steve Gaines, University of California Press, 2017.â€Å"Dungeness Crab.  Oregon Agriculture in the Classroom..Blue Crab Anatomy web.vims.edu.

Comparing Senator Kelly Ayotte and Senator Joe Donnelly Essay - 1

Comparing Senator Kelly Ayotte and Senator Joe Donnelly - Essay Example Therefore, there is need to focus on female leadership in the 21st century since they have actively been involved in public administration and public policy. The need to focus on this changes should be emphasized by comparing male leadership to female leadership in the 21st century. A comprehensive look at the status of women in elective posts is presented by Wilcox and Thomas (2014) through the analysis of women in government and judicial posts. The changing political structure and agendas show how females play an important role in leadership based on their political ambition. The essay will compare Senator Kelly Ayotte and Senator Joe Donnelly with respect to their role in the 21st century leadership. Ayotte and Donnelly have different leadership traits and hold different political ideologies as seen from their press releases which will be discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. These approaches on national matters take a different dimension. Ayotte develops her tactic based on bipartisan approaches while Donnelly concentrates on advocating for his party’s political and economic stands. Ayotte’s approach advocates for national agendas on grounds that there need to be sober mind when it comes to security and economic policies (Appendix 1). As a Republican, Ayotte has played an important role in sponsoring security and economical related bills in the senate. This indicates her concern on matters affecting the public.

Marketing research .. project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research .. project - Essay Example With 95% confidence interval; it means that we accept the null hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable Prices are lower than 6 and reject the alternative hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable prices are higher than 6. From a practical standpoint, the results of the Univariate hypothesis test showed that respondents perceived the menu were significantly lower than 6 and this can be reflected by the mean of 4.508641975 for X14 and 4.338271605 for X16. The mean values for X22 and X32 are 4.82963 and 0.348148148 respectively. To determine if the two mean are significantly different with an equal variance, a t-statistical analysis is undertaken. The one tail results give a t-critical of 1.647649 while the two tail gives a t-critical result of 1.964318. However; going by the one tail, the t-critical is 1.647649 compared with a significance level of 0.00, we accept the null hypothesis that the two means are statistically significant. According to the book page 498, this analysis was supposed to compare the level of satisfaction between male and female-considering the mean. However, from the results there is no substantial support for the null hypothesis to ascertain that the two means are equal, and hence we conclude that male customers are significantly more satisfied than female customers. The mean values of X21, X22 and X23 are 4.82963, 4.464198 and 3.785185. The null hypothesis is to test if the mean of the variables are significantly different. The p-value=3.59 while the significant level ÃŽ ±=o.05; therefore we accept the null hypothesis that the mean of the variables are significantly different (p-value>0.05). That is, the mean perceptions of males between the two restaurants do not differ significantly on satisfaction or likelihood of

Fantasy Movie Visual Effects Film Studies Essay

Fantasy Movie Visual Effects Film Studies Essay Film, the new form of storytelling, is one of the most entertainment sources in our daily life. It would be very hard to get a movie ticket at the weekends unless you got a reservation. Most of you have preferences to some genre, which keeps you turned on. Fantasy is one of the most fascinating genres, not only in film but in all the forms of art. It helps us to escape from the reality, from all our stress and tensions, for few hours. Most of the fantasy films are adapted from literature. Many would have waiting for your favorite fantasy novels movie release as I am waiting for the new Harry Potter film. You got many expectations for a film, might be wanted a great effects or waiting for your favorite part of the story. If your expectations are not fulfilled by the film makers you would probably disappointed. Film industry is an extremely competitive field with new technologies, creative ideas, and many more things. With the increasing number of new movies, film makers are trying very hard to impress the audience through new stories, visuals, and technologies. Two centuries ago, the famous short film, The Arrival of a Train made the audience to scream and ran out of the theater. The train was that much believable for those people, who were unfamiliar with films. But gradually people started to examine film very observantly. Film makers did everything they can do to make the film much more believable and try to give a new experience to the audience. It is very hard to trick them now, very hard to get their applause. As giant fishes always catch the attraction, some big pictures came and well received by the audience. They are not become success just because of its budget, definitely It would have all the right elements to be a film. In this 21st century, CGI and visual effects become one o f the key elements in films. Film makers are using these effects to impress the audience even the story doesnt demands it. Many films succeed while others become a big visual effects mess. Statement of the problem How much the fantasy film influence the development of visual effects Purpose Significance of the study Research questions 1: what is the influence of fantasy genre in film industry? 2: what is the significance of fantasy movies? 3: what is the role of fantasy films in the development of visual effects? CHAPTER 2: Background Fantasy: Fantasy can be defined as the boundless imagination or the liberation of mind from the reality. There is no limit, we can go anywhere, do anything, talk to animals, and if you want to fly a four headed dragon to the moon you can simply do that. Every single person in this world would have been in a fantasy world at least once in their life time, through their dreams or unbounded thoughts. Many wouldnt have recognized this as fantasy. Among those, some passionate and creative minds travelled lots of distance and found new wonderful stories. Those stories have reached in the real world, preserved for the generations through orally, and later inspired many to write fantasy literature. Fantasy Fantasy films: Fantasy films have been started since the birth of the medium itself. Watching these kind of movies in the silver screen must be a visual feast for the spectators. It would be a real challenge to make these kinds of films at the beginning stage of the film itself because of the visuals which these stories demands. It stands beyond reality so the film makers had to find some innovative cinematic techniques to create the hyper realism on the silver screen. Most of the early films were static shots that filmed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. They would have used only the ability of the camera to capture image rather than thinking about new cinematic techniques. But before the 20th century few filmmakers have found new filming techniques to create some special effects which give inspiration to others for the invention of many innovative special effects techniques in the following years. With a result of that many fantasy films had born in the silent era of film. The arrival of sound and color in film made an innovative change in the fantasy film genre, which helped the directors to take the viewers more deep inside the fantasy, through emotions and colorful visuals. Fantasy film genre: Sub genre: Sword and sorcery musical fantasy light fantasy dark fantasy History of fantasy film: Fantasy film, consists of the elements of magic, supernatural events, fantasy creatures, fantasy world, fairy tales and sorcery, have events which are unlikely to occur in real life. This film genre is considered to be different from science fiction film and horror film, although the genres do overlap. The limitations of the fantasy film genre are not well defined. Early period: In 1896, Georges Melies, a French film director, considered as the father of special effects, filmed the first fantasy film The Bewitched Inn. This film is about a man who goes through some series of dreadful experiences from an inn. The film runs two minutes, might be the longest running film of that time. Melies used the special effects technique called stop trick, which he accidentally discovered while filming street traffic in Paris. Besides stop trick, they also used some invisible wires to drift up the characters hat and clothes towards the wall. In 1898 Melies directed another fantasy film named The Astronomers dream (La Lune à   un mà ¨tre). This film is about the terrific things happening in an astronomers dream. It runs three minutes, lengthier than the previous one. They designed the set very well and it gives more strength to the three minutes narration. In terms of special effects this film mainly reliant on the stop trick but we can see the use of mechanical prop for the moon and a very short stop motion animation on the screen. His experiments were the stepping-stones to further advances in special effects. Again in the year of 1903 and 1904, Melies came up with two more great fantasy movies The Infernal Boiling Pot (Le Chaudron Infernal) and The Impossible Voyage (Voyage à   travers limpossible). In the film The Infernal Boiling Pot, Melies has shown two green goblins doing some incantation on a burning cauldron which have three girls in it. The film runs 2 minutes and they had hand colored each frame of the film to get a colored film. It helped to create more sinister atmosphere and to increase the impact on the audience. The impossible voyage is considered as one of the greatest film of Melies and the important fantasy film of the silent film era. It is an adaptation of Jules Vernes play  Voyage à   travers lHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_à  _travers_limpossibleaction=editredlink=1HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_à  _travers_limpossibleaction=editredlink=1impossible. The films running time is about 20 minutes, approximately five times longer than other films of that time. Most films prior to this one, mainly consist of one or two shots and they were short in running time, had not developed in a level to tell a complex story. The impossible voyage tells the story of, passengers boarding a train which takes them on an adventure to the sun and even under the ocean. This film had used the advantages of editing and we can see a dissolve effect between the scenes. Through these type lengthier films with great narration, gradually film turn out to be a medium of storytelling. After the great fantasy films from the special effects wizard Georges Melies, lots of movies had born in this genre. By the year of 1910 movies were gradually growing into full length movies, an average of 80 minutes of running time, along with the special and visual effects technologies, which encouraged the film makers to produce more complex fantasy films than the previously done projects. It also helped to expand the potential of the genre by strong narration and provided the fantasy ambiance to the audience. In 1903, Alice in Wonderland, an adaptation film based on the Lewis Carrolls fantasy novel Alices Adventures in Wonderland, came out. The film was directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow and it is impressive for its use of special effects, including Alices shrinking at the entrance Doors and stuck inside of White Rabbits home with her full height. Some of the films special effects were achieved through jump cut and trick photography. The film showed only a few portion of the novel, because many scenes were technically impossible to shoot at that time. However, the film would have been impressed the audience because it was the first time they had seen a visual representation of their favorite novel. Later in 1910 the film had been recreated by the  Edison Manufacturing Company  and directed by  Edwin S. Porter in the original name of the book. In this 10 minutes film, Edwin s Porter couldnt include all the Carrolls memorable characters from the novel. Again in 1915, W.W. Young an American film director made the third adaptation of this film with fifty minutes of running time. This version goes much deeper in to the Carrolls novel than prior films, even fifty minutes is not much enough to narrate Carrolls fantasy story.   In the year of 1910, the most influenced fairy tale of all time, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_BaumFrank Baum, came into silver screen. This is the first adaptation film based on a novel which had been followed by its sequels. The story happens in a fantasy land called the Land of Oz and Dorothy and her friends are the characters in the story. There is no reliable proof about who directed this thirteen minutes film but many criticizers considered that Otis Turner might have done it. In the same year three more films in this series came out which are Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz,  The Land of Oz, and  John Dough and the Cherub, and all are considered to be  lost films. In 1914, three more films came out in this title, all directed by J. Farrell MacDonald and produced under The Oz Film Manufacturing Company. They are The Patchwork Girl of Oz,  the Magic Cloak of Oz, and  His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, with an average ru nning time of 60 minutes. Later in 1925, another Oz movie was released by the name Wizard of Oz, directed by  Larry Semon. This film changed radically from the novel, introducing new characters and exploits. Along with a completely different plot, the film is all set in a world that is only barely recognizable as the  Land of Oz  from the books. All these Oz films had failed to make any impacts on the audience. Creating a fantasy world is a very difficult thing, if we couldnt make the audience to believe in the story, it all would look completely ridicules. Many film makers had failed to achieve this magic, thus make the genre to wait so long to get its triumph in motion picture. Other superb fantasy films in the early period were  Raoul Walsh  Ã‚  The Thief of Bagdad  and  Fritz Langs  Die Nibelungen both released in the year 1924. The Sound era: Technicolor and sound would be another great achievement in film history. Sound effects could make fear and anticipation in fantasy films or even play with viewers emotion in happy fantasies. Technicolor gave filmmakers the capability to create stunning special effects that impressed the viewers. The most famous film which made use of the magic of color and sound was the 1939 musical fantasy film The Wizard of Oz  directed primarily by  Victor Fleming. A sudden change from black and white to color gave more fantastic effects to the fantasy world and it allowed the filmmakers to deliver the full beauty of the visuals. The Land of Oz was very spectacular, complete with flying witches, wizards, talking trees and animals and many other fantasy elements. We could find many changes in the plot though the film was far more faithful to Baums original book than the earlier film versions. The Wizard of Oz  has considered as one of the best loved fantasy film of all time because of its st unning visuals and strong narration, and it became a true classic. This 103 minutes film was produced by  MGM and the budget was three million dollars, most expensive production up to that time. The film earned six million from the box office and thirteen million from television broadcast rights. That would have inspired many filmmakers to produce fantasy films. 1power of narration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦taking the viewers along with the story.. Make them to feel the emotions of the characters Give the feel believable of hyperrealism Disney also effectively used a combination of color and sound in many of its fantasy films, both live action and animated. The makers of  The Wizard of Oz  might have been influenced by the success of  Walt DisneyHYPERLINK http://oz.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_PicturesHYPERLINK http://oz.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Picturess  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,  released in the year 1937, which proved that a fantasy film could attract an enthusiastic adult audience too, a trick that earlier Oz films had failed to achieve. Fantasy movies and the film industry: As a cinematic genre, fantasy has traditionally not been regarded as highly as the related genre of science fiction film. Undoubtedly, the fact that until recently fantasy films often suffered from the Sword and Sandal afflictions of inferior production values, over-the-top acting and decidedly poor special effects was a significant factor in fantasy films low regard. Even 1981s  Raiders of the Lost Ark, which did much to improve the genres reputation in public as well critical circles, was still derided in some quarters because of its comic book-like action sequences and tongue in cheek comedy. Since the late 1990s, however, the genre has gained new respectability, driven principally by the successful adaptations of J.R.R. Tolkiens  The Lord of the Rings  and J.K. Rowlings  Harry Potter  series. Jacksons  The Lord of the Rings  trilogy is notable due to its ambitious scope, serious tone and thematic complexity. These pictures achieved phenomenal commercial and critical success, and the  third installment  of the trilogy became the first fantasy film ever to win the  Academy Award for Best Picture. The Harry Potter series has been a tremendous financial success, has achieved critical acclaim, and boasts an enormous and loyal fan base. Following the success of these ventures, Hollywood studios have green lighted additional big-budget productions in the genre. These have included adaptations of the first and second books in  C. S. Lewis  The Chronicles of Narnia  series and the teen novel  Eragon, as well as adaptations of  Susan Coopers  The Dark Is RisHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Is_Rising_(film)ing,  Cornelia FunkesInkheart,  Phillip Pullmans  The Golden Compass, and  Holly Blacks  The Spiderwick Chronicles. Fantasy movies in recent years, such as the  Lord of the Rings  films, 2005s  Narnia  adaptation, and the first second and fourth  Harry Potter  adaptations have most often been released in November and December. This is in contrast to science fiction films, which are often released during the northern hemisphere summer (June August). All 3 installments of the  Pirates of the Caribbean  fantasy films, however, were released in July 2003, July 2006 and May 2007 respectively, and the latest releases in the  Harry Potter  series were released in July, 2007 and July 2009. The huge commercial success of these pictures may indicate a change in Hollywoods approach to big-budget fantasy film releases. Adaptation Themes, imagery, and visual elements Detailed study of developments in visual effects Case study 1 The lord of the rings trilogy My same philosophy applied to digital effects as to the overall design. I wanted the monsters to feel real right down to the dirt under the fingernails of a Cave Troll or the bloodshot, bulging eyes of Gollum.   Peter Jackson   The lord of the rings film trilogy, directed by Peter Jackson is an epic saga of J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings books, become a milestone in the history of motion picture. The trilogies, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and  The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, all released in the year of 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively.   It was a revolutionary movement in the visual effects film making. Both the book and film had given a new birth to the fantasy literature and film genre. The trilogy achieved commercial, critical and phenomenal triumph. Each film of the trilogy had nominated for the Academy Award for Best picture in the three consecutive years and finally the third chapter, The Return of the King won the best picture award, and becomes the first fantasy film ever to achieve this honor. It won a total of eleven Academy Awards including for the ground breaking visual effects, ties up with the classics Benhur and Titanic. Peter Jackson and crew created an entire digital world to give life to the Tolkiens middle earth. This film is the best example of high fantasy. The story happened in the Middle earth, the three films follow the quest of Frodo Baggins and the fellowship to destroy the One Ring to defeat the Dark Lord Sauron. In the final battle at Gondor, Ring has been destroyed and Sauron and his powers are vanquished. The story is rich with many fantasy elements such as, wizards, dragons, creatures, beasts, giant talking trees and many more .The success of the film showed the scope of fantasy films and encouraged many production companies to green light new fantasy oriented projects. Thus the first decade of the twenty first century got more than fifty fantasy films on the silver screen. All major behind the scenes works had done by the New Zealand based visual effects company WETA Digital. They would have assembled potential people from all fields of animation and visual effects to dedicate years of their lives to create stunning effects that fulfill this high fantasy, middle earth epic story. All three films got more three thousand effects shots. WETA Digital had used many visual effects technologies to create the effects and creatures. They have invented new technologies and changed some existing technologies to overcome the challenges in creating some scenes. One of the most exciting creatures in  the film is Gollum, who was born like a hobbit named Smà ©agol, but transformed into something far more frightening as a result of his encounter with the ring. For creating Gollum, they have used very advance motion capturing. Gollum would be the most sophisticated digital character seen at that time. Visual effects technologies The lord of the rings trilogy had used many ground breaking visual effects to create the fantasy. WETA Digital is the major effects studio behind the films, but some shorts are also given to the studio Digital Domain. WETA had used many technologies to achieve the effects. Here we are going to look through those technologies. Massive Creating the war scenes are one o the most challenges faced by the filmmakers. All films in the trio had more than one war sequence in which thousands of soldiers are fighting. Creating this kind of mass crowd is a big problem that had not been solved in film making. A research to develop a new technology to overcome this problem had conducted in WETA Digital by the technical director of the film Stephen Regelous. It resulted in the creation of new software called MASSIVE (Multiple Agent Simulation System in Virtual Environment). It can easily generate thousands or millions of agents that all act as individuals and can respond individually to its surroundings. These reactions affect the agents behavior, changing how they act and controlling motion captured animations to create a realistic looking characters. The software used fuzzy logic to achieve this kind of properties. This technology helped WETA to create the epic war sequences. This technology is a great contribution to the vis ual effects industry and later it used in many films. Subsurface scattering Creating the creature Gollum was another big challenge for the director. This character played a main role in the films. Gollum was brought into life by the combine efforts of computer animation and sophisticated motion capture technology utilizing fluid dynamics. They studied many kinds of anatomy to create realistic joint movement based on actual organic muscle and bone. For getting more realistic look they have applied sub surface scattering shader for the first time. WETA developed vast amounts of code to create Gollum, notes Peter Jackson. They developed new modeling codes, new skin codes, new muscle codes. He is amazingly life-like and we were able to give him a range of expressions from the evil of Gollum to the sympathy of Smà ©agol. Peter Jackson